Simulation in pediatric anesthesiology: current state and visions for the future.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Simulation is a well established practice in medicine. This review reflects upon the role of simulation in pediatric anesthesiology in three parts: training anesthesiologists to care for pediatric patients safely and effectively; evaluating and improving systems of care for children; and visions for the future. RECENT FINDINGS: Simulation continues to prove a useful modality to educate both novice and experienced clinicians in the perioperative care of infants and children. It is also a powerful tool to help analyze and improve upon how care is provided to infants and children. Advances in technology and computational power now allow for a greater than ever degree of innovation, accessibility, and focused reflection and debriefing, with an exciting outlook for promising advances in the near future. SUMMARY: Simulation plays a key role in developing and achieving peak performance in the perioperative care of infants and children. Although simulation already has a great impact, its full potential is yet to be harnessed.

Advances in pediatric perioperative care using artificial intelligence.

PURPOSE OF THIS REVIEW: This article explores how artificial intelligence (AI) can be used to evaluate risks in pediatric perioperative care. It will also describe potential future applications of AI, such as models for airway device selection, controlling anesthetic depth and nociception during surgery, and contributing to the training of pediatric anesthesia providers. RECENT FINDINGS: The use of AI in healthcare has increased in recent years, largely due to the accessibility of large datasets, such as those gathered from electronic health records. Although there has been less focus on pediatric anesthesia compared to adult anesthesia, research is on- going, especially for applications focused on risk factor identification for adverse perioperative events. Despite these advances, the lack of formal external validation or feasibility testing results in uncertainty surrounding the clinical applicability of these tools. SUMMARY: The goal of using AI in pediatric anesthesia is to assist clinicians in providing safe and efficient care. Given that children are a vulnerable population, it is crucial to ensure that both clinicians and families have confidence in the clinical tools used to inform medical decision- making. While not yet a reality, the eventual incorporation of AI-based tools holds great potential to contribute to the safe and efficient care of our patients.

Consulta de preanestesia no presencial en niños: experiencias y recomendaciones / Telemedicine pre-anesthesia evaluation in children: Experiences and recommendations

Desde hace años se realizan consultas y seguimiento de pacientes de forma no presencial. Durante la pandemia de COVID-19 diferentes sociedades han recomendado potenciar las consultas telemáticas. La consulta preanestésica no presencial es un acto médico que debe incluir los objetivos básicos de evaluación, preparación, información y obtención del consentimiento. Se debe disponer de medios y tiempo para realizarla. Al comienzo de la consulta debe identificarse el médico y el o los progenitores. La consulta preoperatoria no presencial es especialmente útil en niños ASA I y II que van a someterse a cirugías de bajo riesgo, a una reintervención o a procedimientos diagnósticos. Aquellos pacientes que requieran una exploración física, más allá de la posible de manera telemática, deberán citarse en la consulta presencial. El personal de enfermería puede participar de forma activa en este proceso siempre y cuando el anestesiólogo supervise todo el proceso, tome todas las decisiones sobre el procedimiento y sea el responsable de la información que se da a los padres y al niño, aclarando personalmente cualquier duda. El anestesiólogo debe informar del procedimiento, sus riesgos, incluidos los personalizados, y alternativas. Se registrará en la historia clínica que se ha informado, cuándo y a quién. EL anestesiólogo firmará el Consentimiento Informado haciendo figurar la fecha que da la información y los padres deberán firmarlo antes de la intervención.(AU)

Medical consult and follow-up of patients have been carried out remotely for years. During the COVID-19 pandemic, different societies have recommended promoting online consultations. The remote pre-anesthetic consultation is a medical act that must include the basic objectives of evaluation, preparation, information and obtaining consent. You must have the resources and time to do it. At the beginning of the consultation, the doctor and the parent(s) must be identified. Non-face-to-face preoperative consultation is especially useful in ASA I and II children evaluated for low-risk surgeries, reintervention, or diagnostic procedures. Those patients who require a physical examination, beyond that possible electronically, should make an appointment in the face-to-face consultation. The nursing staff can actively participate in this process as long as the anesthesiologist supervises the entire process, makes all decisions about the procedure and is responsible for the information given to the parents and the child, personally clarifying any doubts. The anesthesiologist must inform about the procedure, its risks, including personalized ones, and alternatives. It will be recorded in the medical history the information given, when and to whom. The anesthesiologist will sign the Informed Consent stating the date that the information is given, and the parents must sign it before the intervention.(AU)

Year in Review 2022: Noteworthy Literature in Cardiac Anesthesiology.

Last year researchers made substantial progress in work relevant to the practice of cardiac anesthesiology. We reviewed 389 articles published in 2022 focused on topics related to clinical practice to identify 16 that will impact the current and future practice of cardiac anesthesiology. We identified 4 broad themes including risk prediction, postoperative outcomes, clinical practice, and technological advances. These articles are representative of the best work in our field in 2022.

The Practice of Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesiology in the United States.

BACKGROUND: With advances in surgical and catheter-based interventions and technologies in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD), the practice of pediatric cardiac anesthesiology has evolved in parallel with pediatric cardiac surgery and pediatric cardiology as a distinct subspecialty over the past 80 years. To date, there has not been an analysis of the distribution of pediatric cardiac anesthesiologists relative to cardiac and noncardiac procedures in the pediatric population. The primary aim is to report the results of a survey and its subsequent analysis to describe the distribution of pediatric cardiac anesthesiologists relative to pediatric cardiac procedures that include surgical interventions, cardiac catheterization procedures, imaging studies (echocardiography, magnetic resonance, computed tomography, positron emission tomography), and noncardiac procedures. METHODS: A survey developed in Research Electronic Data Capture (REDcap) was sent to the identifiable division chiefs/cardiac directors of 113 pediatric cardiac anesthesia programs in the United States. Data regarding cardiac surgical patients and procedures were collected from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database (STS-CHD). RESULTS: This analysis reveals that only 38% (117 of 307) of pediatric cardiac anesthesiologists caring for patients with CHD pursued additional training in pediatric cardiac anesthesiology, while 44% (136 of 307) have gained experience during their clinical practice. Other providers have pursued different training pathways such as adult cardiac anesthesiology or pediatric critical care. Based on this survey, pediatric cardiac anesthesiologists devote 35% (interquartile range [IQR], 20%-50%) of clinical time to the care of patients in the cardiac operating room, 25% (20%-35%) of time to the care of patients in the cardiac catheterization laboratory, 10% (5%-10%) to patient care in imaging locations, and 15% covering general pediatric, adult, or cardiac patients undergoing noncardiac procedures. Attempts to actively recruit pediatric cardiac anesthesiologists were reported by 49.2% (29 of 59) of the institutions surveyed. Impending retirement of staff was anticipated in 17% (10 of 59) of the institutions, while loss of staff to relocation was anticipated in 3.4% (2 of 59) of institutions. Thirty-seven percent of institutions reported that they anticipated no immediate changes in current staffing levels. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of currently practicing pediatric cardiac anesthesiologists have not completed a fellowship training in the subspecialty. There is, and will continue to be, a need for subspecialty training to meet increasing demand for services especially with increase survival of this patient population and to replace retiring members of the workforce.

Opportunities Beyond the Anesthesiology Department: Broader Impact Through Broader Thinking.

Ensuring a productive clinical and research workforce requires bringing together physicians and communities to improve health, by strategic targeting of initiatives with clear and significant public health relevance. Within anesthesiology, the traditional perspective of the field's health impact has focused on providing safe and effective intraoperative care, managing critical illness, and treating acute and chronic pain. However, there are limitations to such a framework for anesthesiology's public health impact, including the transient nature of acute care episodes such as the intraoperative period and critical illness, and a historical focus on analgesia alone-rather than the complex psychosocial milieu-for pain management. Due to the often episodic nature of anesthesiologists' interactions with patients, it remains challenging for anesthesiologists to achieve their full potential for broad impact and leadership within increasingly integrated health systems. To unlock this potential, anesthesiologists should cultivate new clinical, research, and administrative roles within the health system-transcending traditional missions, seeking interdepartmental collaborations, and taking measures to elevate anesthesiologists as dynamic and trusted leaders. This special article examines 3 core themes for how anesthesiologists can enhance their impact within the health care system and pursue new collaborative health missions with nonanesthesiologist clinicians, researchers, and administrative leaders. These themes include (1) reframing of traditional anesthesiologist missions toward a broader health system-wide context; (2) leveraging departmental and institutional support for professional career development; and (3) strategically prioritizing leadership attributes to enhance system-wide anesthesiologist contributions to improving overall patient health.

The Evolution of the Anesthesia Patient Safety Movement in America: Lessons Learned and Considerations to Promote Further Improvement in Patient Safety.

Ellison C. Pierce, Jr., M.D., and a small number of specialty leaders and scientists formed a remarkable, diverse team in the mid-1980s to address a dual crisis: a safety crisis for anesthetized patients and a medical malpractice insurance crisis for anesthesiologists. This cohesive team's efforts led to the formation of the Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation, the American Society of Anesthesiologists's Committees on Standards of Care and on Patient Safety and Risk Management, and the society's Closed Claims Project. The commonality of leaders and members of the Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation and American Society of Anesthesiologists initiatives provided the strong coordination needed for their efforts to effect change, introduce standards of care and practice parameters, obtain financial support needed to grow patient safety-oriented new knowledge, integrate industry and other relevant leaders outside of anesthesiology, and involve all anesthesia professions. By implementing successful patient safety initiatives, they promoted the recognition that anesthesiology and patient safety are inextricably linked.

Adaptation and restructuring of an academic anesthesiology department during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City: Challenges and lessons learned.

The novel SARS-CoV-2 pandemic starting in 2019 profoundly changed the world, and thousands of residents of New York City were affected, leading to one of the most acute surges in regional hospital capacity. As the largest academic medical center in the Bronx, Montefiore Medical Center was immediately impacted, and the entire hospital was mobilized to address the needs of its community. In this article, we describe our experiences as a large academic anesthesiology department during this pandemic. Our goals were to maximize our staff's expertise, maintain our commitment to wellness and safety, and preserve the quality of patient care. Lessons learned include the importance of critical care training presence and leadership, the challenges of converting an ambulatory surgery center to an intensive care unit (ICU), and the management of effective communication. Lastly, we provide suggestions for institutions facing an acute surge, or subsequent waves of COVID-19, based on a single center's experiences.

Breathing variability-implications for anaesthesiology and intensive care.

The respiratory system reacts instantaneously to intrinsic and extrinsic inputs. This adaptability results in significant fluctuations in breathing parameters, such as respiratory rate, tidal volume, and inspiratory flow profiles. Breathing variability is influenced by several conditions, including sleep, various pulmonary diseases, hypoxia, and anxiety disorders. Recent studies have suggested that weaning failure during mechanical ventilation may be predicted by low respiratory variability. This review describes methods for quantifying breathing variability, summarises the conditions and comorbidities that affect breathing variability, and discusses the potential implications of breathing variability for anaesthesia and intensive care.